编译|未玖
Science, 15 MAY 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6748
《科学》2025年5月15日，第388卷，6748期
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材料科学Materials Science
Imaging quantum melting in a disordered 2D Wigner solid
在二维维格纳无序固体中成像量子熔化
▲ 作者：ZIYU XIANG, HonGYUAN LI, JIANGHAN XIAO, MIT H. NAIK, ZHEHAO GE, ZEHAO HE, ET AL.
▲ 链接：doi/10.1126/science.ado7136
▲摘要：二维强相互作用电子在低密度时结晶为被称作维格纳晶体的固体相，在高密度时形成费米液体。在中等密度时，二维固体在临界密度附近演变为强相关液相。
研究组使用非侵入性扫描隧道显微镜成像技术观察了双层二硒化钼（MoSe2）中无序维格纳固体的量子熔化。在低密度时，维格纳固体形成由局部无序钉扎的纳米晶畴。
随着固相密度的增加，其表现出量子致密化行为。在阈值密度以上，维格纳固体局部熔化，并进入固液区域共存的混合相。液体区域以更高的密度扩张并形成一个渗流网络。
▲ Abstract：Two-dimensional strongly interacting electrons crystalize into a solid phase known as the Wigner crystal at low densities and form a Fermi liquid at high densities. At intermediate densities, the two-dimensional solid evolves into a strongly correlated liquid phase around a critical density. We observed this quantum melting of a disordered Wigner solid in bilayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) using a noninvasive scanning tunneling microscopy imaging technique. At low densities, the Wigner solid forms nanocrystalline domains pinned by local disorder. It exhibits a quantum densification behavior with increased densities in the solid phase. Above a threshold density, the Wigner solid melts locally and enters a mixed phase in which solid and liquid regions coexist. The liquid regions expand and form a percolation network at even higher densities.
物理学Physics
Anyon braiding and telegraph noise in a graphene interferometer
石墨烯干涉仪中的任意子编织和电报噪声
▲ 作者：THOMAS WERKMEISTER, JAMES R. EHRETS, MARIE E. WESSON, DANIAL H. NAJAFABADI, KENJI WATANABE, TAKASHI TANIGUCHI, ET AL.
▲ 链接：doi/10.1126/science.adp5015
▲摘要：对任意子（即带分数电荷和奇异交换统计的准粒子）的探索激发了数十年的凝聚态物质研究。量子霍尔干涉仪可通过环绕定域准粒子数量变化时的离散干涉相位跳变直接观测任意子编织相。
研究组通过实时探测三态随机电报噪声（RTN），在填充因子1/3和4/3分数量子霍尔态中观测到了这种编织相。
他们发现观测到的RTN源于任意子准粒子数n的涨落，并重建了三个相位偏移2π/3的Aharonov-Bohm振荡信号，对应于围绕n（mod 3）个任意子编织的三个可能的干涉分支。该方法较易扩展到非阿贝尔任意子的干涉研究。
▲ Abstract：The search for anyons, quasiparticles with fractional charge and exotic exchange statistics, has inspired decades of condensed matter research. Quantum Hall interferometers enable direct observation of the anyon braiding phase through discrete interference phase jumps when the number of encircled localized quasiparticles changes. In this study, we observed this braiding phase in both the filling factor 1/3 and 4/3 fractional quantum Hall states by probing three-state random telegraph noise (RTN) in real time. We found that the observed RTN stems from anyon quasiparticle number n fluctuations, and we reconstructed three Aharonov-Bohm oscillation signals phase shifted by 2π/3, corresponding to the three possible interference branches from braiding around n (mod 3) anyons. Our methods can be readily extended to interference of non-abelian anyons.
化学Chemistry
Halide segregation to boost all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen batteries
卤化物分离助力全固态锂硫电池
▲ 作者：JIEUN LEE, SHIYUAN ZHOU, VICTORIA C. FERRARI, CHEN ZHAO, ANGELA SUN, SARAH NICHOLAS, ET AL.
▲ 链接：doi/10.1126/science.adt1882
▲摘要：混合电活性材料、固态电解质和导电碳材料来制造复合电极是全固态电池中最常用但最不为人知的工艺，在很大程度上决定了界面稳定性和电荷输运。
研究组报道了在超高速混合过程中通过机械化学反应，在各种含卤素固态电解质和一系列高能硫族阴极的界面上普遍存在的卤化物偏析。
通过多模态同步X射线探针和冷冻透射电镜对体相和界面的表征表明，原位分离的卤化锂界面层显著提高了有效的离子输运，抑制了体相硫族阴极的体积变化。各种全固态锂硫电池在商业水平的面积容量下利用率接近100%，并表现出非凡的循环稳定性。
▲ Abstract：Mixing electroactive materials, solid-state electrolytes, and conductive carbon to fabricate composite electrodes is the most practiced but least understood process in all-solid-state batteries, which strongly dictates interfacial stability and charge transport. We report on universal halide segregation at interfaces across various halogen-containing solid-state electrolytes and a family of high-energy chalcogen cathodes enabled by mechanochemical reaction during ultrahigh-speed mixing. Bulk and interface characterizations by multimodal synchrotron x-ray probes and cryo–transmission electron microscopy show that the in situ segregated lithium halide interfacial layers substantially boost effective ion transport and suppress the volume change of bulk chalcogen cathodes. Various all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen cells demonstrate utilization close to 100% and extraordinary cycling stability at commercial-level areal capacities.
生态学Ecology
Sustainability insights from Late Pleistocene climate change and horse migration patterns
源于晚更新世气候变化和马种群迁徙模式的可持续性见解
▲ 作者：YVETTE RUNNING HORSE COLLIN (TAUNKE IYANKE WI), CLéMENT P. BATAILLE, SAMANTHA HERSHAUER, MILA HUNSKA TAUNKE ICU (CHIEF JOSEPH AMERICAN HORSE), AKIL NUJIPI (HAROLD LEFT HERON), WILSON JUSTIN, ET AL.
▲ 链接：doi/10.1126/science.adr2355
▲摘要：气候影响着栖息地、食物供应以及所有生命的活动和可持续性。
研究组运用本土和西方的科学方法，包括基因组学和同位素分析，对来自白令陆桥的化石进行研究，以探索气候变化对马种群的影响。他们发现来自阿拉斯加和育空北部的晚更新世马种群与来自欧亚大陆的马种群有亲缘关系，并在末次冰期多次穿越白令陆桥。
研究组还发现，美洲冰原南北两地的马种群谱系相差很大，这些谱系在基因上影响了穿过白令陆桥进入欧亚大陆的种群。随着气候变暖，马种群进入连接白令陆桥和美洲中部大陆的无冰走廊，有限的流动性和食物供应阻碍了马种群增长。
研究组结合了西方和本土框架，为在持续的气候变化中保护野生动物提供了重要的指导。
▲ Abstract：Climate affects habitat, food availability, and the movement and sustainability of all life. In this work, we apply Indigenous and Western scientific methods, including genomics and isotope profiling, on fossils from across Beringia to explore the effect of climate change on horses. We find that Late Pleistocene horses from Alaska and northern Yukon are related to populations from Eurasia and crossed the Bering land bridge multiple times during the last glacial interval. We also find deeply divergent lineages north and south of the American ice sheets that genetically influenced populations across Beringia and into Eurasia. As climate warmed and horses entered the ice-free corridor connecting Beringia and midcontinental America, restricted mobility and food availability impeded population growth. Our combined Western and Indigenous framework offers critical guidance for wildlife conservation amid ongoing climate change.
Limited evidence for range shift–driven extinction in mountain biota
山地生物群因范围迁移而灭绝的证据有限
▲ 作者：YI-HSIU CHEN, JonATHAN LENOIR AND I-CHING CHEN
▲ 链接：doi/10.1126/science.adq9512
▲摘要：随着物种为追踪温度向上坡迁移，山地生物多样性迅速重组。普遍的物种再分布对山地生态系统构成了巨大的威胁，这种现象有时被描述为“走向灭绝的阶梯”，主要表现为山顶物种灭绝、分布范围迁移空隙（即适宜温度的快速变化超过了窄分布物种的生存上限）和低地生物多样性的降低，但经验证据仍然很少。
研究组分析了440种动物和1629种植物的8800份历史和现代海拔范围的限制记录，发现几乎没有证据支持所提出的威胁。观察到的变化在很大程度上符合随机预期，且考虑了几何约束。
尽管山顶物种的延迟灭绝表明灭绝债务的累积，但窄分布物种和低地物种的同时扩张表明热生态位的欠缺，这些过程共同推动了生物复杂的山地生态系统的生物同质化进程。
▲ Abstract：Mountain biodiversity reorganizes rapidly as species shift upslope to track temperatures. Pervasive species redistribution poses substantial threats to mountain ecosystems, a phenomenon sometimes described as an “escalator to extinction,” primarily through mountaintop extinctions, range shift gaps (i.e., rapid shifts of suitable temperatures getting ahead of narrow-range species’ upper limits), and lowland biodiversity attrition, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. In this study, our analysis of 8800 records of historical and modern elevational range limits for 440 animal and 1629 plant species revealed little evidence supporting the proposed threats. Observed changes largely fell within random expectations, accounting for geometric constraints. Although delayed mountaintop extinctions point to accumulating extinction debt, concurrent range expansions of both narrow-range and lowland species suggest thermal niche underfilling, processes that collectively drive biotic homogenization across biologically complex mountain ecosystems.
公共卫生Public Health
Diverse bat organoids provide pathophysiological models for zoonotic viruses
多种蝙蝠类器官为人畜共患病毒提供了病理生理模型
▲ 作者：HYUNJOON KIM, SEO-YOUNG HEO, YOUNG-IL KIM, DonGBIN PARK, MonFORD PAUL ABISHEK N, SUHEE HWANG, ET AL.
▲ 链接：doi/10.1126/science.adt1438
▲摘要：蝙蝠是人畜共患病原体的重要宿主，但用于全面探索宿主—病原体相互作用和评估溢出风险的合适模型系统仍然有限。
为了解决这一差距，研究组开发了一系列蝙蝠类器官模型，跨越5个物种和4种器官类型。这种多物种、多器官类器官系统显示了几种病毒的物种和组织特异性复制模式，为研究呼吸道、肾脏和肠道人畜共患病毒提供了强有力的病理生理模型。
利用该平台，研究组成功分离并鉴定了蝙蝠传播的哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒和副粘病毒，证明了这些类器官系统在病毒监测中的实用性。此外，研究组还成功测试了已知的抗病毒药物对蝙蝠病毒分离株的疗效。
▲ Abstract：Bats are important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, but suitable model systems for comprehensively exploring host-pathogen interactions and assessing spillover risks remain limited. To address this gap, we developed a collection of bat organoid models spanning five species and four organ types. This multispecies, multiorgan organoid panel showed species- and tissue-specific replication patterns for several viruses, offering robust pathophysiological models for studying respiratory, renal, and enteric zoonotic viruses. Using this platform, we successfully isolated and characterized bat-borne mammalian orthoreoviruses and paramyxoviruses, demonstrating the utility of these organoid panels for virome surveillance. Furthermore, we successfully tested known antiviral drugs for their efficacy against bat virus isolates.
